Why do countries trade with each other when they both produce similar Essay

Why do countries trade with each other when they both produce similar goods - Essay Example For example, Africa is rich in diamonds, and Bangladesh produces jute in abundance. While it incurs Bangladesh very little cost to grow jute, it may cause the USA far too much to produce jute. The different climatic conditions play a decisive role in the kind of crops a country can grow. In addition to that, trade between countries is also very essential for the promotion of international relations. Countries that conduct trade with one another maintain good terms with one another so that they may facilitate trading and strengthen their respective economies. Trade between countries also has a lot of political significance. As two trading countries foster good relations, they become a united force against a third country that has bad terms with both. â€Å"Powerful nations throughout history have used economic sanctions--essentially blocking and prohibiting trade--with other nations in order to punish or force political or behavioral change† (Chase). Trade is very essential for economical strength. Dubai became one of the fastest developing cities in the world in a course of few decades because of

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Essay Example for Free

Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Essay (1)The first thing I would do if I found out I was going to be evacuated from my home is start crying. Knowing that I will be separated from humanity I will also begin to become crazy, knowing what happens too all these people at the camps families suffering and loosing each other by being separated and killed will destroy me. The last hours I have at home I will pack few of my clothes, toothbrush, money, weapons and a journal not a diary because IM A MAN! Why would I pick to bring a journal instead of everything else I might poses you might be thinking is because since I am a man I probably will stay alive and get to write about my daily struggles I will be having in the internment camp. I would be forced to leave behind my phone, my computer, and mostly all my electronics because I wouldn’t want to risk being tracked. My list reveals that I’m going to be weak without all my things that I live on daily this evacuation will change my whole life and family. I actually don’t believe the Japanese Internment compares to the Holocaust, even though everyone has their right to their own opinions I don’t believe they compare. Because so many more Jews were killed during the Holocaust then Japanese being killed in the camps and no offense but the treatment the Jews were given from the Germans were way harsher than the U.S to the Japs. The Japanese had less camps and were given better treatment like food they were sent to these camps so the U.S. could view them and make sure that they weren’t spies. The Jew were sent to the camps and instantly put to work given numbers to represent when they were next to be killed.   Both sides of the internment were one U.S. getting involved was a good idea or a bad one. The United States putting most Japanese into internment camps can be seen as a bad idea because American is known for the Land of the Free. The U.S. putting most Japanese people into camps is definetley unconstitutional it makes people question is America really the Land of the Free? Obviously we know as we read America was just trying to be safe at this time, because in 1942 Roosevelt signs a Relocation in the United States because they believed that the Japanese were a threat to America. We were fighting against them at this time and they just didn’t want threats because they did believe that even though they came to America they still are going  to give information to Japan. That’s why in the book we saw Keikos former teacher be taken away by the â€Å"FBI† because they believed he was a spy. They still got an education, made a low salary and were given food in these camps it wasn’t like they were being slaves. I believe it was a good idea for America to get involved I think they did it smartly too they gave the Japanese camps where they would stay at and have their life I know you’re going to write but it’s not the same they are being forced to move but at this time they were being accused of being spies and doing bad things. Some people also just moved to America and where put into a camp where they can get a place to live, money and food instead of living on the street. It’s also only Japanese people so you’re with your kind. I guess I’m using a Jewish point of view because in our religion we are supposed to only marry Jewish people so I see this as a good thing being together as a race, but also we learn from our past.

My Father Wasted His Life - I Will Not :: College Admissions Essays

My Father Wasted His Life - I Will Not    Why me? Nothing like this had ever even happened to me before. I was so shocked I could barely shed a tear. My life had been normal and uneventful and happy, and now it was turned upside down and I was lost. I remembered when I was a little kid and he would send me to my room for stealing those little sugar packets that were in a bowl hidden in the cupboard and eating them. I would get so mad and wish for him to disappear or die or leave and never come back. For some reason those thoughts were running through my head. Somehow I was trying to make myself believe that I was at fault and that I should have or could have done something to prevent what had just happened. I didn't know what to do. Was there anything I could do? Was this really true? How are we going to survive on my mom's paychecks alone? How will this affect my life? Then I saw them. They had just heard the news. They were screaming and crying. I wanted to scream and cry and give up and die, but I had to stay strong.    That was June 30, 2001. It is now October 24, 2002 and I still can't believe he's gone. Every morning when I wake up I walk out into the living room and expect to see him sitting in his chair reading a book, and every morning I feel a little twinge of pain when I realize he's not there. I don't think I will ever fully accept that he's gone but since his death I have accepted that it was not my fault. My father was an alcoholic and died of cirrhosis of the liver, an irreversible process that is the result of scar tissue replacing liver tissue due to extensive alcoholic consumption. The actual cirrhosis occurs when the liver contains too much scar tissue and suddenly stops functioning and the victim dies from internal bleeding and heart failure. Now that I look back I think I was trying to blame myself in order to protect my mom and my sister. I was trying to make it better for them because I knew they felt just as lifeless inside as I did. I wanted to be their strength, but it was so hard because I felt helpless and empty. My Father Wasted His Life - I Will Not :: College Admissions Essays My Father Wasted His Life - I Will Not    Why me? Nothing like this had ever even happened to me before. I was so shocked I could barely shed a tear. My life had been normal and uneventful and happy, and now it was turned upside down and I was lost. I remembered when I was a little kid and he would send me to my room for stealing those little sugar packets that were in a bowl hidden in the cupboard and eating them. I would get so mad and wish for him to disappear or die or leave and never come back. For some reason those thoughts were running through my head. Somehow I was trying to make myself believe that I was at fault and that I should have or could have done something to prevent what had just happened. I didn't know what to do. Was there anything I could do? Was this really true? How are we going to survive on my mom's paychecks alone? How will this affect my life? Then I saw them. They had just heard the news. They were screaming and crying. I wanted to scream and cry and give up and die, but I had to stay strong.    That was June 30, 2001. It is now October 24, 2002 and I still can't believe he's gone. Every morning when I wake up I walk out into the living room and expect to see him sitting in his chair reading a book, and every morning I feel a little twinge of pain when I realize he's not there. I don't think I will ever fully accept that he's gone but since his death I have accepted that it was not my fault. My father was an alcoholic and died of cirrhosis of the liver, an irreversible process that is the result of scar tissue replacing liver tissue due to extensive alcoholic consumption. The actual cirrhosis occurs when the liver contains too much scar tissue and suddenly stops functioning and the victim dies from internal bleeding and heart failure. Now that I look back I think I was trying to blame myself in order to protect my mom and my sister. I was trying to make it better for them because I knew they felt just as lifeless inside as I did. I wanted to be their strength, but it was so hard because I felt helpless and empty.

Appreciation of Microsoft Office 2007

APPRECIATION OF THE MICROSOFT OFFICE 2007 Introduction In the early productions of the Microsoft Office applications, users utilized a scheme of toolbars, menus, and task panes to get their work completed. The prior Microsoft Office applications worked fine when the applications had a small amount of commands. Now that the programs have been so much more revolutionized, the older features do not work as well. Microsoft Office wanted to create a more orderly computer unit that limits disruption. The reason for that was so that Microsoft Office users would commit more time focused on their work. Microsoft knowing that they wanted to make this possible developed a domino effect approach that would make it much easier to generate great results using the Microsoft office applications and that gave rise to Microsoft Office 2007. Microsoft Office 2007 Microsoft Office 2007is one of the sets of desktop applications and servers as an office suite, and is a new system recently launched by Microsoft Company. The office 20007 contains a number of new features, the most notable of which is the entirely new graphic new interface called the fluent user interface. It went in place of the menus as well as toolbars that have been the cornerstone of office since its inception with a tabbed toolbar, known as the ribbon. As a matter of fact, Microsoft Office has made enormous improvements to enhance its features. One of the new main features is the ribbon, this feature consists commands organized into a set of tabs. These tabs make things easier when it comes to using the application features because they categorize the commands in a way that communicates straight to the daily tasks people perform in these applications. Another main new feature is the Microsoft office button. This button is new and efficient because on the older versions of Microsoft you had to find the tab that said file and search for what commands you wanted. With this new Microsoft button at the click of a button everything you want to accomplish is right there for you, no searching necessary. Two other new features is the gallery and Contextual tabs. The gallery consists of spreadsheets, presentations, documents, or Access databases. In an attempt to appreciate the introduction of Microsoft Office 2007 to me as a user, comparisons will be used between Office 2007 and other Offices before it- Microsoft Office 2003, 2000, 1997 e. . c. most suites or programs of Microsoft Office 2007 allow users to evaluate the product. The trial version of 2007 Microsoft Office system can be installed by using a 25-character trial product key available from Microsoft while you download the free office software and you can use the Microsoft office 2007 programs with full functionality for 60 days. The c omparisons will be made in respective of their set of applications such as the Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft project, Microsoft Power Point, and Microsoft Access. Microsoft Office 2007 vs. Microsoft Office 2003 Firstly, the Office 2007 and Office 2003 will be compared on the basis of Microsoft Office Word. When comparing Microsoft Office Word 2003 and 2007, there are barely many differences between these two applications. The traditional Microsoft Office Word 2003 has a very basic look which is similar to Microsoft Office Word 2000, which a little bit of color changes. There are some major improvements in the Microsoft Office Word 2007 in terms of how the interface’s appears. Word 2007 is now having more colorful interface, and it reorganizes all the little applications. This takes a while for users to get use to it. Another major change is that Microsoft Office Word 2007 now supports a new document format known as DOCX. However, users can still save in DOC. Format, which will allow the old software to open the documents. Other good features such as live preview, which users can preview the section of the document when picking up a new font for the documents. Other little new features are ribbon, quick access tool bar, title bar, application close button, maximize/ restore button, minimize button. It seems Microsoft Word's improvements are apparently endless. For example, from the toolbars located at the top of the Microsoft Office Word window to the professional business templates for documents such as, resumes, and memos. Ms Office PowerPoint 2007 and Ms Office PowerPoint 2003 Microsoft Office Power point 2003 and Microsoft Office Power point 2007 do not have any major difference. The difference is mostly in templates. Users can relatively have more choices of templates in PowerPoint 2007 than PowerPoint 2003, and it also has more effects for the templates. In Office PowerPoint 2007, tabs are designed to be task-oriented, and groups within each tab break a task into subtasks. Command buttons in each group carry out a command or display a menu of commands. In 2007, Users can also temporarily hide the Ribbon. However, the Microsoft button function is the same as the Microsoft Office word 2007, so as the mini tool bar will appear when working the slides. Tabs will only appears when the users need it them. Also the users can put commands and customize the toolbars. Despite more shapes and more research tool has been implemented into the new 2007, users can also design elements with galleries. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Microsoft Office Excel 2003 Microsoft Office Excel is a powerful and widely used tool that helps people analyze information to make more informed decisions. Using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and Excel services, one can have an opportunity to share and manage oneself analysis and insight with co-workers, and partners with grater confidence. Similar to Microsoft Office Word and Microsoft Office Power point, Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and 2007 have very similar functions. In Microsoft Office Excel 2003, Enhancements have been made to the list functionality, which make lists easier to use. It also added automatic filter and border. When users want to create a list, they just simply highlight the data, and then select Data ; List ; Create List. When users click into the list, they will see the new List toolbar, which will help the users to work with the list. Users can toggle the total row on/off, and use the dropdown menu of functions to choose from in the total row, such as Average, Count, Sum, etc. | | | | Whilst Microsoft office Excel 2007 also has a different ribbon compare to Excel 2003. There are seven tabs across the top which represent all the core tasks you do in Excel. All the related items have been group together under each tab for convenience of the users. Number three is the command button. It is a box to enter information or a menu. Conclusion Office 2007 may not be right for you, but there is no arguing the fact that it is a huge improvement over previous versions of Microsoft office. This may not hold true for the user interface, but that is simply a matter of preference. I, for one, could not be more satisfied with any of Microsoft's products. The changes to the user interface are exactly what I wanted to see. I have always been annoyed with the old menu system and having to navigate through it all only to encounter an enormous dialog box that you have to wade through. The new system is so much more smooth and flowing, and it exposes everything so that there is no navigation or searching required. It is all right there at the click of your mouse. So, the opinion is, Office 2007 is good for users who can put forth enough effort to get used to the user interface, but bad for those who prefer the traditional menus. I would encourage you to at least give it a try on computers that have it before deciding to buy it or not. If this isn't possible, you can download a 30-day trial version from Microsoft's website. Chances are that if Office 2007 isn't for you, you already know it. The only catch is, if you want to take advantage of all the new features, the ribbon comes with it. No matter what you choose, I hope that you can benefit from and enjoy your choice as much as I enjoy Office 2007. References: Bonfield, B. and Quinn, L. S. Microsoft Office vs. Open Office. Accessed from; http://www. idealware. org/ [Date accessed: 04. 04. 10].

Divorce Across the Lifespan

Divorce Across the Lifespan Final Paper Elizabeth Seckler for Laurie Bulock FST 602 (Human Development Across the Lifespan) MAFS-J003 October 27, 2011 â€Å"I do†. Two small words with such a big meaning. Although fewer individuals are marrying today, nearly 90% of Americans will eventually â€Å"tie the knot† (Goldstein and Kenney, as cited by Cherlin, 2011, pg. 300). However, the meaning of marriage is appearing to lose its effect on individuals, as divorce has become epidemic in the United States (Hoelter, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 459). Since 1960, the divorce rate has varied through the years, increasing considerably from 1960 to 1980, then gradually declining from the early 1980s to 2005, but recently increasing from 2005 to 2007 (Popenoe, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 459). Divorce is a major disruption in the family life-cycling process, adding complexity to whatever developmental tasks the family member is experiencing in its present phase (Peck and Manocherian, 1988, pg. 335). The negative impact of divorce is so strong that children of divorced parents struggle as adults to create a positive, healthy family environment for their own children. All too often, adults who experienced divorce as children prove less capable of breaking the cycle and instead pass on a legacy of tragedy to their children and their children’s children (Fagan and Rector, 2000, pg. 17). Therefore, divorce does not just impact the individual at the time of the dissolution. Instead, divorce negatively impacts an individual in every stage of life. Infancy Of the stages of development across the lifespan, it may appear that infants are the least affected by divorce. However, while babies may not understand anything about separation or divorce, they do notice changes in their parents’ response to them, which impacts future development. According to psychoanalytic theorist, Erik Erikson, who developed eight stages of human development, the first psychosocial stage experienced in the first year of life is called trust vs. mistrust. Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live (Santrock, 2011, pg. 23). Therefore, the foundation of all human interactions is trust. The degree to which trust is present will determine the nature and depth, as well as the length of relationships. If children develop basic trust, they progress through the rest of the developmental stages in a healthy way. However, if mistrust is the primary concept developed in infancy (as in a situation of divorce), the subsequent developmental stages are damaged (Rhodes, 2000, pg. 9). Still, Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust is not resolved once and for all in the first year of life. Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can still have their sense of mistrust activated at a later stage if their parents are separated or divorced under conflicting circumstances (Santrock, 20011, pg. 187). Additionally, babies experience the distress of the parents and become aware of the changes, and comings and goings of both parents and other caretakers as they form emotional ties. The combination of distressed and/or unavailable parents can create demanding or withdrawn children. As children approach the age of two, their striving toward independence is closely tied to feeling secure; with the loss of a parent, this security is threatened (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 347). Early Childhood Parents who are struggling with their own sense of failure, anger, guilt, and loss have difficulty providing a stabilizing, consistent environment for their children. This is especially hard for preschoolers who are developmentally starting to move away from home and toward peers and school. They have the beginnings of a sense of morality, combined with difficulty in distinguishing between their thoughts and reality, and thus are especially vulnerable to guilt and confusion (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 347). They may regress developmentally in a number of ways: separation anxiety, sleep disturbances, bed wetting, clinginess, fear of any leave taking, and aggressive fantasies (Wallerstein & Kelly, as cited by Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 347). Middle & Late Childhood The impact of divorce on children of this age is more profound (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 51). Children six to eight seem to have the hardest time of any age group (Wallerstein and Kelly, as cited by Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 351), as they are old enough to realized what is happening, but do not have adequate skills to deal with the disruption. They often feel a sense of responsibility, experience tremendous grief, and have a pervasive sadness and yearning for the departed parent. At the same time, they experience recurring fantasies of reconciliation and often think that they have the power to make it happen (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 51). Additionally, children of divorced parents have lower grades and other measures of academic achievement, are more likely to be held back, and are more likely to drop out of school (Institute for American Values, 2011, pg. 27). Adolescence Adolescence is a stage filled with many changes, both physical and emotional. It is a time when children are beginning their own process of leaving home and forming an identity separate from their parents. At the threshold of young adulthood, relationships take center stage (Wallerstein, Lewis and Blakeslee, 2000, pg. 32). However, the divorce of parents make romance and courtship more difficult and tenuous for the adolescence as they reach adulthood, and the effects on dating seem to be the strongest when divorce takes place during the child’s teenage years (Fagan & Rector, 2000). Older teenagers and young adults date more often, have more failed romantic relationships, and experience a more rapid turnover of dating partners. Not surprisingly, this leads to a great number of sexual partners, which in itself creates a grave risk that one will acquire an STD (Fagan & Rector, 2000). Because of their own unsettled nature, adolescents’ reactions to divorce include anger, a desire for a stable home, and a need for clear boundaries between them and their parents (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 354). For those teenagers who were already having difficulties, divorce creates an added burden, increasing the risk of emotional problems. In addition to the sexual acting out and multiple partners, children at this age may engage in self-destructive behavior, such as truancy, school failure and substance abuse, (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 354). Emerging Adulthood While the effects on dating seem to be the strongest when the divorce takes place during the child’s teenage years, they also carry over into adulthood (Fagan & Rector, 2000). In a twenty-five year study, Judith Wallerstein (2000) found that the effects of divorce on children crescendo as they enter adulthood. Their relationships with the opposite sex were often impaired by acute fears of betrayal and abandonment, and many also complained that they had never witnessed a man and a woman in a happy relationship and doubted that achieving such a relationship was possible (Wallerstein, Lewis and Blakeslee, 2000, pg. 2). A recent growth of cohabitation flows in part from the loss of confidence that many children of divorce have in marriage. Having witnessed divorce up close, many young adults are afraid that they will not achieve lifelong love and they feel handicapped in their search for love and marriage by their lack of models of a happy relationship between a man and a woman, t heir lack of knowledge about how to resolve differences, and their expectation of betrayal and abandonment by their partner (Institute for American Values, 2011, pg. 3). In addition, parental divorce increases the odds by 50 percent that adult children who do choose to marry will also divorce; this is partly because children of divorce are more likely to marry prematurely and partly because children of divorce often marry other children of divorce, thereby making their marriage even more unstable and uncertain (Institute for American Values, 2011, pg. 19). Because of increased life expectancy, a growing trend is divorce in families with children being launched (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 56). While divorce in childhood affects the development of emerging adulthood, a parental divorce in emerging adulthood has a profound impact, as well. When children are no longer the major focus of a couple, marriages become vulnerable and a decision is made to divorce. It may be that divorce oc curs when parents who have stayed together â€Å"for the children† now feel free to end a long and unhappy marriage (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 357). Despite the fact that they may be out of the parental home, divorce can be very stressful for young adults, with a sense of increased responsibility to their parents and a vulnerability to loyalty conflicts. In addition, young adults may experience a sense of loss of family home, abandonment by parents, and a concern about their own marriage (Ahrons, as cited by Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 356). The biggest risk for the adult child is when the parents â€Å"hold on to them† or assume the role of substitute spouse to fill the loneliness. When the parents are unable to make a meaningful new start, the children may have difficulty moving forward with their own lives (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 357). Middle Adulthood Divorce in middle adulthood may be more negative than divorce in early adulthood (Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). When divorce occurs for the couple in later life, it reverberates like a shock wave throughout the entire family and there may be three generations of family members whose lives will be altered by divorce (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 59). The children’s reactions and perceived responsibilities become key aspects of the divorce-adjustment process during this phase. Each parent may want to become reinvolved with the children in a way that is inappropriate; in a role reversal, children may now feel burdened by their parents (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 359). In addition, the emotional and time commitment to marriage that had existed for so many years may be not lightly given up by one partn er (Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). Many midlife individuals perceive a divorce as failing in the best years of their life. The divorcer might see the situation as an escape from an unsustainable relationship, but the divorced partner usually sees it as a betrayal, or the ending of a relationship that had been built up over many years and that involved a great deal of commitment and trust (Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). An unwanted, unexpected divorce at this stage is traumatic, even when the marriage has been unsatisfactory to each for many years. Starting over as a single person is very difficult, particularly when there is not a clear sense of identity apart from the roles within the marriage. It is especially hard to find renewed meaning in life at this stage of the lifespan (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 359). Additionally, divorce has negative emotional effects on both divorced men and women as they complain of loneliness, diminished self-esteem, anxiety about the unknowns in their lives, and difficulty forming satisfactory new intimate relationships (Hetherington, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 460). A recent study reveled that following marital dissolution, both men and women were more likely to experience an episode of depression than individuals who remained with a spouse over a two-year period (Rotermann, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 460). Other impacts include the lowering of the economic standing of some middle-aged and older women who have a limited number of options (Mitchell, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 515). Late Adulthood As stated in infancy, Erikson developed eight stages of human development. Individuals experience the eighth stage, integrity versus despair, in late adulthood. This stage involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been well spent (Santrock, 2011, pg. 594). A well-adjusted older adult feels acceptance with his life and choices; however, when an individual is embroiled in divorce, he has despair and regret over their marital outcomes, thus not experiencing his full potential at this last stage of development. Additionally, in this stage of life, the divorced individuals’ parents may be dead, and their children and siblings involved with their own lives. As a result, they may feel very isolated from their usual social network and that their opportunities are limited. If one spouse has been left by the other, he often feels ashamed, humiliated, and as a result may isolate himself from former ties and may not have the energy or desire to form new relationships (Peck & Manocherian, 1988, pg. 360). Furthermore, there are social, financial, and physical consequences of divorce for older adults (Mitchell, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 607). Divorce can weaken kinship ties when it occurs in later life, especially in the case of older men (Cooney, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 07), and divorced older women are less likely to have adequate financial resources than married older women (Santrock, 2011, pg. 607). Divorce is also linked to more health problems in older adults (Lillard & Waite, as cited by Santrock, 2011, pg. 607). Why do individuals who are happily married live longer, healthier lives than divorced individuals? People in happ y marriages likely feel less physically stressed, which puts less wear and tear on a person’s body; such wear and tear can lead to numerous physical ailments, such as high blood pressure and hart disease (Waite, as cited by Santrock, 011, pg. 459). Conclusion Divorce has universal ill effects on individuals in all stages of life development. If the family is the building block of society, then marriage is the foundation. However, as fewer adults enter into marriage, more adults leave it in divorce, and more adults begin cohabitating, the foundation of marriage is growing weaker and weaker (Fagan & Rector, 2000, pg. 32). It is best stated by Wallerstein et al. (2000): Divorce is a life-transforming experience. After divorce, childhood is different. Adolescence is different. Adulthood- with the decision to marry or not and have children or not- is different. Whether the final outcome is god or bad, the whole trajectory of an individual’s life is profoundly altered by the divorce experience. Marriage is not merely a private preference, but also a social and public good. Concerned citizens, as well as scholars, need to be aware of the long-term consequences of divorces happening every day in America and the implications it has on the stages of development across the lifespan. References Cherlin, A. J. (2011). The deinstitutionalization of American marriage. In A. Guest (Ed. ), Taking Sides: Clashing views in life span development (3rd ed. , pp. 294-307). New York: McGraw-Hill Fagan, P. F. , & Rector R. (2000). The effects of divorce on America (Research Report No. 1373). Retrieved from the Heritage Foundation website: http://www. heritage. org/library/ backgrounder/bg1373. html Institute for American Values. (2011). Why marriage matters, thirty conclusions from the social sciences . New York: Institute for American Values. Peck, J. S. amp; Manocherian, J. R. (1988). Divorce in the changing family life cycle. In B. Carter and M. McGoldrick (Ed. ), Changing family life cycle: a framework for family therapy (2nd ed. , pp. 335-369). Prentice Hall College Div Rhodes, J. L. (2000, Winter). The impact of divorce across the developmental stages. Paradigm, winter 2000. Retrieved from http://www. sequeltsi. com/files/library/The_Impact_of_ Divorce_on_Development. pdf Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-sp an development (13th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill Wallerstein, J. S. , Lewis, J. M. , and

Globe Telecom Paper Essay Essay Example

Globe Telecom Paper Essay Essay Example Globe Telecom Paper Essay Essay Globe Telecom Paper Essay Essay Corporate History Globe Telecom has steadfastly imbibed itself into the Black Marias and heads of more than twenty six million endorsers. It has been at that place in every manner for its clients. in constructing relationships. at work. communication and making out. Inasmuch as Filipinos love to pass on. Globe has been a dependable spouse. ready to supply the most convenient and low-cost service as possible. For 83 old ages. Globe has lived up to its repute of invention leader – from the minute it introduced the first SMS or text messaging service in the state. and today’s debut of the first personalized postpaid programs. Globe has been a innovator in many ways ; each new beginning is a testament of its committedness to functioning its clients better. In 1928. Congress passed Act No. 3495 allowing the Robert Dollar Company. a corporation organized and bing under the Torahs of the State of California. a franchise to run radio long distance message services in the Philippines. : Subsequently. Congress passed Act No. 4150 in 1934 to reassign the franchise and privileges of the Robert Dollar Company to Globe Wireless Limited which was incorporated in the Philippines on 15 January 1935. Globe Wireless Limited was subsequently renamed as Globe-Mackay Cable and Radio Corporation ( â€Å"Globe-Mackay† ) . Through Republic Act ( â€Å"RA† ) 4630 enacted in 1965 by Congress. its franchise was farther expanded to let it to run international communications systems. Globe-Mackay was granted a new franchise in 1980 by Batasan Pambansa under Batas Pambansa 95. In 1974. Globe-Mackay sold 60 % of its stock to Ayala Corporation. local investors and its employees. It offered its portions to the populace on 11 August 1975. In 1992. Globe-Mackay merged with Clavecilla Radio Corporation. a domestic telecommunications innovator. to organize GMCR. Inc. ( â€Å"GMCR† ) . The amalgamation gave GMCR the capableness to supply all signifiers of telecommunications to turn to the international and domestic demands of its clients. GMCR was later renamed Globe Telecom. Inc. ( â€Å"Globe† ) . Fast Forward It was a monumental partnership in 1993. with so President Fidel V. Ramos as informant to the sign language of a Memorandum of Understanding between Ayala Corporation and Singapore Telecom. Inc. ( STI ) . wholly-owned subordinate of Singapore Telecommunications Limited ( SingTel ) . was formalized. that created a formidable Globe Telecom. During the twelvemonth. Globe Telecom was catapulted to the position of a giant in the telecommunications industry. and awarded an initial US $ 30 million supply contract. Since so. Globe Telecom has revolutionized the manner Filipinos connect and communicate with the launch of the Globe Handy phone. the country’s foremost to the full digital CMTS ( Cellular Mobile Telephone System ) utilizing the GSM ( Global Systems for Mobile ) communications web. It obtained its probationary authorization ( PA ) for International Gateway Facility ( IGF ) operations and rolled out its fixed telephone service and international direct dial ( IDD ) services i n designated countries. Within a twosome of old ages. Globe launched its G-Net service in 1995 to go the first Philippine telecoms bearer to offer internet entree. Thereafter. Globe went into acquisition ( Islacom ) and interconnectedness understandings with other telecom bearers to hike its web and services. In 2000. Globe joined C2C Cable Network. a fiberoptic pigboat overseas telegram undertaking in the Asia Pacific part. The undermentioned twelvemonth. Globe inaugurated its first overseas telegram landing station and backhaul installation in Nasugbu. Batangas. By 2004. Globe launched the GCASH. a discovery in nomadic commercialism and vitamin E payments. In 2009. Globe inaugurated its 2nd landing station in Ballesteros. Cagayan. It besides reinforced its best web connectivity with the TGN-Intra Asia Cable System and the first in the state to establish world-wide interoperability for Microwave Access ( WiMAX ) . A discovery in Mobile and landline service for postpaid endorsers in Metro Manila and Cebu called DUO was introduced. This was later on offered to little and average endeavor ( SME ) clients. carry throughing the demand for extra concern lines at a cheaper cost. Globe besides introduced the BlackBerry ® life style to the Filipino market with the BlackBerry ® Storm. powered by Globe Personal BlackBerry ® Plans. Globe was granted the discriminatory merchandising rights to the iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS. This partnership with Appleâ„ ¢ was reinforced in 2010 with the launch of the iPhone 4. Globe Telecom and Visa were recognized as the first two establishing spouses of the Mobile Money Exchange at the GSMA Annual Mobile Money Summit in Barcelona. Globe Data Center achieved an ISO 27001:2005 enfranchisement for holding met the Information Security Management System ( ISMS ) criterion. It besides received an ISO 9001:2008 enfranchisement ascent for run intoing the Quality Management System criterion. Hiking its web farther. Globe participated in the new Southeast Asia Japan Cable ( SJC ) System. the highest capacity system in the universe that links Singapore. Hong Kong. Indonesia. Philippines and Japan. The company achieved another first by holding its Globe Carrier Ethernet offerings certified by the Metro Ethernet Forum ( MEF ) harmonizing to MEF 9 service-provider specifications. Globe besides rolled out its 2nd fibre ocular anchor web ( FOBN2 ) . a high capacity transmittal system that spans over 1. 900 kilometres of inland and pigboat overseas telegram. covering most countries of Luzon. Visayas. and Mindanao. Overview Globe Telecom. Inc. is a major supplier of telecommunications services in the Philippines. supported by over 5. 700 employees and over 786. 000 retail merchants. distributers. providers. and concern spouses countrywide. The Company operates one of the largest and most technologically-advanced Mobile. fixed line and broadband webs in the state. supplying dependable. superior communications services to single clients. little and moderate-sized concerns. and corporate and enterprise clients. Globe presently has over 29 million nomadic endorsers. over 1. 363. 000 broadband clients. and over 666. 000 land line endorsers. Globe is besides one of the largest and most profitable companies in the state. and has been systematically recognized both locally and internationally for its corporate administration patterns. It is listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange under the heart symbol GLO and had a market capitalisation of US $ 2. 7 billion as of the terminal of September 2011. The Company’s chief stockholders are Ayala Corporation and Singapore Telecom. both industry leaders in their several states. Aside from supplying fiscal support. this partnership has created assorted synergisms and has enabled the sharing of best patterns in the countries of buying. proficient operations. and selling. among others. Globe is committed to being a responsible corporate citizen. Globe BridgeCom. the company’s umbrella corporate societal duty plan. leads and supports assorted enterprises that ( 1 ) promote instruction and raise the degree of computing machine literacy in the state. ( 2 ) support entrepreneurship and micro-enterprise development peculiarly in the countryside. and ( 3 ) ensures sustainable development through protection of the environment and excellence in operations. Since its origin in 2003. Globe BridgeCom has made a positive impact on the lives of 1000s of public simple and high school pupils. instructors. community leaders. and micro-entrepreneurs throughout the state. For its attempts. Globe BridgeCom has been recognized and conferred several awards and commendations by assorted Philippine and international organisations. The Globe Group is composed of the undermentioned companies: Globe Telecom. Inc. ( Globe ) provides nomadic telecommunications services ; Innove Communications Inc. ( Innove ) . a wholly-owned subordinate. provides fixed line telecommunications and broadband services. high-velocity cyberspace and private informations webs for endeavor clients. services for internal applications. cyberspace protocol based solutions and multimedia content bringing ; G-Xchange. Inc. ( GXI ) . a wholly-owned subordinate. provides nomadic commercialism services under the GCash trade name ; Entertainment Gateway Group Corp. and EGGstreme ( Hong Kong ) Limited ( EHL ) ( jointly referred here as EGG Group ) . supply digital media content and applications ; and GTI Business Holdings. Inc. ( GTI ) . a wholly-owned subordinate. is an investing company with authorization to supply VOIP services. The Company is a grantee of assorted mandates and licences from the National Telecommunications Commission ( NTC ) as follows: ( 1 ) licence to offer and run autotype. other traditional voice and information services and domestic line service utilizing Very Small Aperture Terminal ( VSAT ) engineering ; ( 2 ) licence for inter-exchange services ; and ( 3 ) Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity ( CPCN ) for: ( a ) international digital gateway installation ( IGF ) in Metro Manila. ( B ) nationwide digital cellular Mobile telephone system under the GSM criterion ( CMTS-GSM ) . ( degree Celsius ) nationally local exchange bearer ( LEC ) services after being granted a probationary authorization in June 2005. and ( vitamin D ) international overseas telegram landing Stationss located in Nasugbu. Batangas and Ballesteros. Cagayan. Globe is organized along three cardinal client confronting units ( CFUs ) tasked to concentrate on the integrated Mobile and fixed line demands of spec ific market sections. The Company has a Consumer CFU with dedicated selling and gross revenues groups to turn to the demands of retail clients. and a Business CFU ( Globe Business ) focused on the demands of large and little concerns. Globe Business provides end-to-end Mobile and fixed line solutions and is equipped with its ain proficient and client relationship squads to function the demands of its client base. Get downing 2011. Globe organized an International Business Group to function the voice and rolling demands of abroad Filipinos. whether transient or permanent. It besides allows the Company to leverage merchandise portfolio on regional and planetary chances. Business Sections Mobile Business Globe provides digital nomadic communicating services countrywide utilizing a to the full digital web based on the Global System for Mobile Communication ( GSM ) engineering. It provides voice. informations and value-added services to its Mobile endorsers through three major trade names: Globe Postpaid. Globe Prepaid and TM. Globe Postpaid includes all prepaid programs such as regular G-Plans. consumable G-Flex Plans. Load Allowance Plans. Load Tipid. Apple TM iPhone 3G programs and high-end Platinum Plans. In 2010. the Company farther expanded its prepaid offerings to include MY SUPERPLAN and MY FULLY LOADED PLAN which allow endorsers to personalise their programs. choose and combine assorted limitless call. text and web browse service options. In add-on to these personalized programs. Globe has made available assorted add-on roaming and nomadic browse programs to provide to the demands of its endorsers. In 2011. Globe consolidated its individualized and customizable program service with the launch of the All New My Super Plan where endorsers are given the flexibleness to make their ain programs by either subscribing to an All-Unlimited Plan or an All-Consumable Plan. Subscribers besides get the opportunity to plan their programs based on their use by choosing the freebees and add-on services that would come with their subscriptions. To farther heighten their experience. endorsers are allowed to alter the freebees and add-on services monthly. Globe Prepaid and TM are the postpaid trade names of Globe. Globe Prepaid is targeted towards the grownup. mainstream market. Its alone trade name proposition revolves around its advanced merchandise and service offerings. superior client service. and Globe’s â€Å"world widest† services and planetary web range. TM. on the other manus. caters to the value-conscious section of the market. In add-on to digital radio communications. Globe besides offers nomadic payments and remittal services under the GCash trade name. GCash is an internationally acclaimed micro payment service that transforms a nomadic phone into a practical billfold. enabling secure. fast. and convenient money transportations at the velocity and cost of a text message. Since the launch of GCash. wholly-owned subordinate GXI has established a broad web of local and international spouses that includes authorities bureaus. public-service corporation companies. co-ops. insurance companies. remittal companies . universities. and commercial constitutions which all accept GCash as a agency of payment for merchandises and services. Globe offers assorted top-up or reloading options and installations for prepaid endorsers including prepaid call and text cards. bank channels such as ATMs. recognition cards. and through cyberspace banking. Subscribers can besides top-up at over 786. 000 AutoLoad Max retail merchants nationally. all at low-cost denominations and increases. A consumer-to-consumer top-up installation. Share-A-Load. is besides available to enable endorsers to portion prepaid burden credits via SMS. Globe’s AutoLoad Max and Share-A-Load services are besides available in selected OFW hubs all over the universe. The Company has a trueness and wagess plan called My Rewards. My Globe for Globe Prepaid endorsers and TM Astig Rewards for TM endorsers. Under the plan. and based on a defined marking system. prepaid endorsers earn points based on term of office and reload. Subscribers can utilize their points to deliver wagess including Globe and TM merchandises. travel milage. and gift certifications from taking retail constitutions. Globe Postpaid endorsers outside the lock-up period can besides gain points based on their monthly billed sums and length of stay with Globe. Rewards besides include Globe merchandises. every bit good as measure discounts. appliances. gift certifications. and travel milage. Subscribers have the option to deliver wagess immediately. or accumulate points to avail of higher-value wagess. Redeemed points in a signifier of telecom services is netted out against grosss whereas points redeemed in the signifier of non-telco services such as gift certifications and other merchandises are reflected as selling disbursal. At the terminal of each period. Globe estimations and records the sum of likely hereafter liability for cursed points.

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Economic and Sexual Oppression of Female Slaves essays The article Female Slave Resistance: The Economics of Sex by Darlene C. Hine, focuses mainly on showing that slavery was equally as harsh for females as it was for males. In the article, Hine shows that female slaves, unlike male slaves, faced two forms of oppression. She explains and gives examples of the three main forms of slave resistance used by the females. While all slaves faced economic exploitation, women were also forced to deal with the hardships of sexual oppression. Sexual oppression was exemplified through females being required to take care of their masters children, many times instead of their own. In addition, the better-looking slave women were sold for much higher prices and often forced into having sexual affairs with their white masters. Many of the more attractive slaves were sold for prices that exceeded the amount an owner would be willing to pay for a strong, well-built field worker. In 1857, in the Memphis Eagle and Enquirer, a female slave was said to be so surpassingly beautiful that a bid of $5000 was offered and not accepted. Due in part to this sexual oppression, several different forms of resistance were practiced by the female slaves. The most common form was sexual abstinence. One way sexual abstinence was obtained was through women avoiding sex with their owners. Linda Brent, a former slave and author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, used the simple fact that her grandmother was still present on the plantation to put a halt to sexual advances made towards her by her master. Her grandmother was a former slave whom her master was afraid of. The second way sexual abstinence was practiced was by the females resisting sex and marriage to other slaves in hopes that they could eventually get married and raise their children in a world free from slavery. Another way females showed resistance towards slavery was through abortion. Because slave wo...

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10 Social Networking Safety Tips for Women and Girls As social networking and social media have grown, weve paid a price few saw coming: the loss of individual privacy. The impulse to share has caused many of us to inadvertently expose ourselves in ways that can compromise our safety and security. While social networking sites may feel like an invitation-only gathering of friends thats accessible 24/7, its not necessarily a closed and safe universe. Others may be able to access your personal information without your knowledge. Although cyberstalking preceded the advent of social networking, social media does make it easier for a stalker or cyberstalker to locate and track a potential victims every move. Innocuous personal tidbits collected over weeks, months and even years often add up to a whole picture of who you are, where you work, live and socialize, and what your habits are all valuable information to a stalker. Dont think this can happen to you? Then you should know that according to the Centers for Disease Control, 1 in 6 women will be stalked in her lifetime. The best way to protect yourself is to not make yourself vulnerable in the first place. Whenever you engage in social media, remember this: what happens on the internet stays on the internet, and its up to you to make sure what appears in connection with your name and image does not have the potential to harm you now or in the future. The following 10 tips offer guidelines in managing the information that gets out there about you via social networking and can help keep you safe: No Such Thing as Private The internet is like an elephant it never forgets. While spoken words leave little trace and are quickly forgotten, written words endure in the online environment. Whatever you post, tweet, update, share even if its deleted immediately afterwards has the potential to be captured by someone, somewhere, without your knowledge. This is especially true of social networking sites including private messages shared between two people and postings to a private group. There is no such thing as private in the world of social media because anything you put up can potentially be grabbed, copied, saved on someone elses computer and mirrored on other sites not to mention hacked by thieves or subpoenaed by law enforcement agencies. A Little Bird Told Me Every time you use Twitter, the government keeps a copy of your tweets. Sounds crazy, but its true. According to the Library of Congress blog: Every public tweet, ever, since Twitters inception in March 2006, will be ar chived digitally at the Library of Congress.... Twitter processes more than 50 million tweets every day, with the total numbering in the billions. And experts predict the information will be searched and used in ways we cant even imagine. (This gives new meaning to the phrase A little bird told me...) X Marks the Spot Be cautious about using geo-location services, apps, Foursquare, or any method which shares where youre at. When it was first introduced, Facebooks Places feature gave tech writer Sam Diaz pause: Guests at a party at my home could turn my home address into a public place on Facebook and my only recourse is to flag my address to have it removed... If we’re all at a concert...and a friend checks in with Places, he can tag the people who he’s with - just as if you were tagging a person in a photo. Unlike Diaz, Carrie Bugbee a social media strategist had fun using these services until a cyberstalking incident changed her mind. One evening, while dining at a restaurant she had checked in at using Foursquare, Bugbee was told by the hostess that there was a call for her on the restaurants phone line. When she picked up, an anonymous man warned her about using Foursquare because she could be found by certain people; and when she tried to laugh it off, he beg an verbally abusing her. Stories like this may be why far fewer women use geo-location services as compared to men; many are afraid of making themselves more vulnerable to cyberstalking. Separate Work and Family Keep your family safe, especially if you have a high profile position or work in a field that may expose you to high-risk individuals. Some women have more than one social networking account: one for their professional/public lives and one thats restricted to personal concerns and only involves family and close friends. If this applies to you, make it clear to family/friends to post only to your personal account, not your professional page; and dont let the names of spouses, children, relatives, parents, siblings appear there to protect their privacy. Dont let yourself be tagged in events, activities or photos that may reveal personal details about your life. If they show up, delete them first and explain later to the tagger; better safe than sorry. How Old Are You Now? If you must share your birthday, never put down the year in which you were born. Using the month and day are acceptable, but adding the year provides an opportunity for identity theft. Its Yo ur Fault If Its Default Keep track of your privacy settings and check them on a regular basis or at least monthly. Do not assume that the default setting will keep you safe. Many social networking sites frequently update and change settings, and often the defaults tend to make public more information than you may be willing to share. If an upcoming update is advertised in advance, be proactive and investigate it before it launches; it may offer a window during which you can privately edit or remove content before it goes live. If you wait until your account automatically switches over, your information may go public before you have a chance to deal with it. Review Before Posting Make sure your privacy settings enable you to review content in which youve been tagged by friends before they appear publicly on your page. This should include posts, notes, and photos. It may seem tedious, but its much easier to deal with a small amount each day than to have to go back through weeks, months and even years to ensure that any and all content related to you puts forth an image youre comfortable living with. Its A Family Affair Make it clear to family members that the best way of communicating with you is through private messaging or email not posting on your page. Often, relatives who are new to social media dont understand the difference between public and private conversations and how they take place online. Dont hesitate to delete something that is too personal for fear of hurting Grandmas feelings just make sure you message her privately to explain your actions, or better yet, call her on the phone. You Play, You Pay...in Loss of Privacy O nline games, quizzes, and other entertainment apps are fun, but they often pull information from your page and post it without your knowledge. Make sure that you know the guidelines of any app, game or service and do not allow it unfettered access to your information. Likewise, be cautious about responding to notes shared by friends along the lines of 10 Things You Didnt Know About Me. When you answer these and post them, youre revealing personal details about yourself that may enable others to figure out your address, your workplace, the name of your pet or your mothers maiden name (often used as an online security question), or even your password. Do enough of these over time and someone who is determined to learn all about you can read the answers, cross-reference information obtained through your friends pages, and glean a surprising amount from these seemingly casual revelations. How Do I Know You? Never accept a friend request from someone you dont know. This may seem like a no-brainer, but even when someone appears as a mutual friend of a friend or several friends, think twice about accepting unless you can concretely identify who they are and how theyre connected to you. In many professional circles involving large organizations, all an outsider has to do is obtain one friend on the inside and it snowballs from there, with others thinking that a total stranger with no personal connection is an unfamiliar co-worker or occasional business associate. Social media is fun thats why half the U.S. adult population participates in online social networking sites. But dont be lulled into a false sense of security when it comes to protecting your personal information. The goal of social networking sites is to generate revenue and even though the service is free, theres the hidden cost of your privacy. Its up to you to keep tabs on what shows up and to limit your exposure and protect yourself. Sources: Dias, Sam. Facebook launches Places, geo-location service thats both cool and creepy. ZDnet.com. 18 August 2010.GLOBAL DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: Texting, Social Networking Popular Worldwide. PewGlobal.org. 20 December 2011.Panzarino, Matthew. Heres what happens when the police subpoena your Facebook. TheNextWeb.com. 2 May 2011.Raymond, Matt. How Tweet It Is!: Library Acquires Entire Twitter Archive. Library of Congress blog. 14 April 2010.Seville, Lisa Riordan. Foursquares Stalker Problem.  The Daily Beast. 8 August 2010.

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Impact of workforce diversity on organisational performance; Coca-cola Essay

Impact of workforce diversity on organisational performance; Coca-cola - Essay Example It facilitates a firm with having diverse types of skills and abilities as well. The current research lays emphasis upon studying the different aspects of workforce diversity in context to the diversity existing in The Coca-Cola Company. The study vividly analyzes the different characteristics associated to workforce diversity in The Coca-Cola Company. In order to gain deeper understanding of workforce diversity, a semi-structured interview had been conducted with selected employees and managers of the company. The information obtained through the interview process was further analyzed with the help of a number of scholarly articles and publications. Complete efforts were taken by the researcher to analyze the subject matter of workforce diversity from different perspectives. Workforce diversity is a common phenomenon, and as the interaction between different cultures and movement of labour from one place to the other enhances, workforce diversity becomes an unavoidable factor. Hence , firms are required to critically analyze the importance of workforce diversity and whether such diversity will help in meeting organizational goals effectively. Diversity in the workplace is a common phenomenon of the modern day business. Globalization has induced firms to spread their businesses across the globe, thereby, having a workforce from different ethnicity, religion and nationality. Individuals from different parts of the world become united under one brand name. Workplace diversity also includes aspects such as race, gender, age, culture, organizational functions and education. A diverse workforce affects the formal culture, which exists within the organization. Multinational companies are required to ensure that, workforce diversity has a positive impact upon the overall performance. Diversity is not only about how

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Discus Definition Essay Example for Free

Discus Definition Essay 1. Discus is a complex sport that requires skill and a lot of training. The discus is held in the dominant hand putting the first knuckles of your fingers around the edge. Your hand must be spread wide but not strained. You must orient your wrist so your index finger is directly in line with your forearm. You must then align yourself with the target area, either at your left shoulder or behind you. Most professionals face away from the target, which requires another 90 degrees of spin and can be a more difficult manoeuvre but optimizes throwing speed on a properly executed throw. Just before your right leg is planted, your left leg should rise off the ground with the momentum of your spin. As your right leg plants, your left leg should move low and fast around your body to plant in line with the right leg at the front of the circle. The left leg plants firmly and the entire momentum of the body is directed into the extended right arm. The hips drive through the rotation to face the target while the shoulders and arm trail behind and then snap through. The discus is released off the front of the fingers, rolling off the index finger, which imparts clockwise spin. The skeletal system has a major contribution as it provides the movement during the discus throw. The phalanges and metatarsals are used to allow the movement in the feet when spinning and swivelling. The feet play a very significant role throughout the entire preparation and throw. The tarsals in the ankles are gliding joints which allow for the ankles to create the joint action of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion when the individual turns their body in preparation for the throw. During the discus throw, the athlete lifts one foot in a plantar flexion whilst the other foot stays in the dorsiflexion position. During the whole throw, the legs are constantly flexed and extension is not made until the discus has been released and the athlete is not longer in motion. The vertebral column, consisting of the cervical vertebrae, thoracic curvature and the lumbar curvature, allows movement in the trunk. When the individual spins, the vertebral allows the trunk to rotate from side to side. Included in the trunk is the sternum and the rib cage. The patella is a condyloid joint is in a bent while the tibia, fibula and femur are all flexing as rotation is taking place. The pelvis which is a ball and socket joint allows flexion in the legs. The phalanges and the metacarpals flex as the discus is gripped. The carpals in the wrist are gliding joints, which rotate and flex as the arm swings back and forth across the body in order to keep a solid grip on the discus. The fingers extend when releasing the discus in order to get distance. The elbow, which is a hinge joint, allows bending when coming back across the body after hyperextension behind the body. It is then in a pronation position when extended forward. The muscular system also plays a major role in throwing a discus. The entire muscular system is required to enable to discus throw. The tibialis anterior, located near the tibia, allows the feet to produce the action of dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion. For the knee to be able to flex, the gastrocnemius and the hamstrings perform a concentric movement whilst the quadriceps and tibialis anterior create the eccentric movement because they lengthen. The erector spinae allows for the back to extend when the individual swings their arms back and forth around their body in preparation of releasing the discus. This allows for the muscle length to increase so that muscle is completing an eccentric contraction. Because the body is moving from side to side, the external obliques flex as the trunk rotates. Whilst the athlete is moving to the left, the left hand side obliques shorten, performing the concentric muscle contraction. At the same time the right external oblique is lengthening. This is constantly swapping as the athlete swings their arms from side to side. The trapezius elevates the shoulders and extends while the pectorals flex when the arms moves. The pectorals are performing concentric contractions and the trapezius is performing eccentric contractions. In the upper body the deltoids are extending as the arms hyperextend behind the body, which is an eccentric contraction, although it is becoming a concentric contraction as the arms move towards the front of the body. As the arm flexes, the bicep is performing a concentric contraction whilst the triceps perform eccentric contractions. The rectus abdominals are an isometric muscle contraction as they do not play a major role in performing discus. 2. In performing discus there are six main physical fitness and movement components. Three being health-related components and three being skill-related components. Muscular strength is highly necessary in discus. The more muscular strength an individual has, the further distance the discus will go. Flexibility is also a component of fitness involved in discus. It is one of the most neglected but most vital elements to an athlete. There are many different stretching techniques a discus athlete should perform in preparation. These include straddle stretch, upper groin stretch, butterfly groin stretch, trunk twist, open arm stretch, triceps stretch, cuff stretch. The skill related components that discus thrower posses are power, coordination and balance. There are many different training techniques that all professional discus throwers need to be able to perform. The first is weight lifting. Discus throwers should incorporate upper body and lower body exercises. For the upper body, perform workouts that train the essential muscles for discus throwing. These include bench press, shoulder press, triceps extensions, and shoulder lifts, exercises that improve the strength of the shoulders and arms to generate a longer throw. For the lower body, perform squats, lunges, and box jumps to improve leg power. Discus throwing includes a high level of intensity and a sudden burst of speed for a short interval of time. Another way discus throwers can train is by using medicine balls. Use a medicine ball to perform exercises that mimic throwing the disc. To increase oblique strength, throw a medicine ball from your hip against a wall and catch on the opposite side of your body. Repeat to strengthen both sides of the body. This strengthens the upper body by simulating similar movements to discus throwing. As with strength training, medicine ball exercises should be performed at maximum intensity. Another training technique is the tire flip. The tire flip improves explosiveness, endurance and full body muscle strength. Flip the tire as many times as you can at full intensity. The tire flip works the muscles necessary for the discus throw and greatly improves conditioning. There are also other training techniques for discus throwers such as stretching and the sandbag carrying. Athletes should perform a complete stretching routine before and after each training session. Since discus throwing incorporates all muscles of the body, take the time to stretch each muscle group thoroughly. Throwing a discus is an extremely intense movement, forcing your body to twist and jerk at high speed. Competitors can easily injure a number of muscle groups if they fail to prepare the muscles for the movements by stretching and warming up. The sandbag carry will develop your core and strengthen your abdominal muscles. As you throw the disc, your body is twisted at a high speed to generate power. Your abdominal muscles generate this twist as your arm swings around. The sandbag carry develops strength and endurance for this muscle group. This exercise also strengthens the shoulders and the arms. 3. Biomechanical principles deal with the scientific basis of human movement. Analysis of the way the body moves during the sport has led to improved and advances performance using newly developed techniques and modified or changed sports equipment. The first aspect of biomechanics that has an influence on discus is motion. Angular motion and momentum are the most influential in discus. Angular motion is motion in a curved or circular path. Discus is the best example of angular motion, as the thrower is moving in a circular path in preparation for the release of the discus. Linear and angular motion are combined in most movement activities. Momentum is the amount of motion possessed by a moving object. A moving object has a certain mass and velocity and the two of these together equals the momentum. The greater the momentum of the body, the greater the tendency to resist changes in motion. External forces can have an influence on momentum, as can internal forces. The greater the mass, the greater the momentum. When professional athletes spin in circles will preparing to throw the discus, they are aiming to gain momentum in order for the disk to go a further distance. Balance and stability also occur in discus. Dynamic balance is balance in motion. While the discus thrower is beginning their throw, they must keep dynamic balance in order for their throw to go as preferred. There are many factors that influence stability. These include mass, base of support, centre of gravity, stability and mobility. The greater the mass of the discus thrower, the more stable the body is likely to be. The larger the bass of support, the greater the stability. This is why taking larger steps while circling will benefit the thrower and give them more stability. The lower a person’s centre of gravity, the greater the stability. The line of gravity must be located within the supporting base to increase stability, therefore the closer to the ground the discus thrower is the more stable they will be and will get more distance in their throw. The momentum of an object directly affects stability in motion. The faster the discus throw is going, the more stable they are with their throw. The larger the mass, the greater its stability. Taller discus throwers will be less stable in motion than shorter discus throwers because of the height of their centre of gravity. Force is something that causes movement. A force may be a push or pull, that causes a change in the shape of an object or body. Forces can be internal or external. The body can apply force using the summation of forces. This is a combination of a number of forces working in sequence. For example in discus, forces produced by the feet, legs, arms, wrists and fingers produce the large forced used to throw the discus as far as possible. The body also applies force by Newton’s Third Law: for every applied force there is an equal and opposite force. For example in discus the thrower exerts a force against the ground and an equal and opposite force pushes the thrower off the ground. Applying force to objects depends on a number of factors. These include magnitude which is the amount of force that has been applied to the discus, direction which is the way the force is applied to the discus, the point of application which is the spot where the force is applied to the discus and the line of action which is the point of application plus the direction of the force.

Examining the Legal Issue of Copyright

Examining the Legal Issue of Copyright Introduction This essay is on the topic of Intellectual property and will be split into four parts. It will explain the law regarding copyright in the UK by using the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 (CDPA 1988), it will begin by discussing the legal terminology original work and why copyright exists and the regulations of copyright in detail with regards to fixation and originality, the definition of fixed in line with the current law, the skill, labour and judgement test including cases to support the claims and economic rights that an owner has. Secondly by explaining the 3 main types of original work that are granted protection by this act and in addition, it will shed light on what consists of copying of the work and alternatives to copyright including adaptation of the work and what the copyright infringes. The source used to gain this information is from Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy, By Hector L. MacQueen, Charlotte Waelde, Graeme Laurie and Abbe Brown. The thir d part of this essay will critically evaluate the impact of internationalism in terms of digital technologies. It will assess the new challenges this presents Intellectual Property (IP) in terms of new innovations that will affect the consumers and industry. furthermore, it will discuss the impact this has on Intellectual property by using the Gowers Review of Intellectual Property to source the knowledge. Lastly the essay will examine the case on Liam and Aleesha in terms of copyright and explain what infringements of copyright have occurred using relevant cases to reinforce the arguments that are made. Main body Copyright in its early stages was implemented to control the output of printers once the technology was invented and recognised in the 15th century. Before the era of printing, writing could only be duplicated by the process of manually copying out the work [1]. The UK formed the Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 to give creators of literary, dramatical, musical and artistic work ranging from sound recordings, films and broadcasts [2] protection and the right to regulate the way their work is used. For copyright to exist in work it must be original and fixed. The fixation or fixed term means that the work must be recorded in writing or otherwise [3] this includes and form or notion of code, either by hand or otherwise and regardless of the method by which or medium in which it is recorded [4]. Original or originality is not defined by the CDPA 1988, it is required that the work was originated from the author and not copied from another work. The work does not have to be different, it depends on the way the work was created. For example, a mobile phone application that embodies the same idea as another however has a different look and feel to the user is considered as original work. For copyright to exist in terms of literary, musical, dramatical, or artistic work, it must qualify as work. Work is determined by the amount of skill, labour and judgement that has gone into creating it. This means that the author of the work is the individual who has put the most skill, labour and made the most judgements on the work. However there have been some discrepancies in this as there are differences in opinion on how much skill, labour and judgement is required. In terms of case law for work one must look at the case of Hyperion records v Sawkins. Sawkins (S) had created new performing editions of four of his works. In total this work took 300 hours and that involved S making 3000 editorial interventions to the works. In October 2002, Hyperion Records (H) produced a CD featuring performances of the four performing editions that Sawkins created. H said that S was not entitled to copyright in these editions as editor should not obtain copyright in non-copyright work. It was held that the skill and time that S invested in making the works was enough to make them original, H had infringed S as he did not identify him as author. There are 8 types of original work recognised by the CDPA 1988. Literary works, dramatic works, musical and artistic works, sound recordings, films, broadcasts and typographical arrangements of published editions but for this essay we will only be explaining the main 3. Literary work is any work other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or sung [5]. Literary works can consist of technological work such as software, databases and computer programs. In Anacon Corp Ltd v Environmental Research Technology it was found that circuit diagrams from which circuit boards are made into literary work as well as artistic work as the writing on the diagram is meant to be read and not just to be appreciated by eye. Dramatical work includes a dance or a mime [6]. However, there is debate on whether this includes television and films for example in Norowzian v Arks Ltd (N0 2) where N had created a film called joy which includes a man dancing with a plain backdrop, which was edited heavily. The defendants produced an advert for Guinness called anticipation that used a man dancing in a similar fashion and was edited similarly. It was held that the work couldnt be dramatic work as it cannot be performed in front of a live audience. Musical work consists of music, exclusive to any words or action intended to be sung spoken or preformed with the music [7]. A small number of notes and chords are enough for copyright protection as seen in Lawson v Dundas the four-note theme is enough to be protected by The CDPA 1988. Once original work is present, one must then determine authorship and ownership of the work. Authorship is the person who creates the work.[8] In the case of Walter v lane (1900) it was said that the author is the individual who has extended the necessary effort, skill and labour in creating the work. There is also a possibility of joint authorship where two or more authors have collaborated and the contribution of the authors cannot be distinguished.[9] Ownership of the work generally falls to the author who is in most cases the first owner of a copyright work. A clear example of this can be seen in Griggs group v Evans (2005) where Griggs who are the manufacturers of the footwear Doc Martens they hired an ad agency to create a logo which would combine two of their existing trademarks Airwair and Dr Martens, Evans was hired by the agency to create the logo. Evans assigned copyright to a Australian company who used it on their own products. It was held that the right to use the logo and to exclude others from using it belonged to the belonged to the client and not the designer. The CDPA 1988 states that the copyright owner has the only right to copy the work, issue copies of said work, rent out or lend the work to the public, preform, show or play the work in public, communicate the work in public and to make an adaptation of the work.[10] Copying the work comprises of the reproduction of the work in any material form and storing of the work in any medium by electronical means for instance taking a picture or scanning a document or recording live music to a digital format equates to copying. On the other hand, similar works do not infringe copyright as there must be a connection that the work is derived from the claimants. In Francis Day Hunter v Bron the defendant had produced a song called Why the claimant argued that the first 8 bars in the song were reproduced from their son called in a little Spanish town. The courts held that there must be a causal connection between the works and that the similarity must be sufficient and objective. Adaptation in terms of copyright differs from copying as it only applies to the literary, dramatical and musical works. This includes dramatisations and translations. Although there is a connection with copying, it is not as specific as adaptation. In Harman pictures v Osborne the claimants argued that the film created by Osborne copied a historical book, though there were parts that were different it was held that the similarities of incidents and situations suggested that they were both based on the same historical event. Impact of internationalism of digital technologies As we know the laws on copyright are outdated and are not up to par with this time as technology grows and we approach the age of online information, where ideas are spread internationally and very quickly. It is important that the IP laws are adequate to deal with the ever-growing digital technology as there are more ways to share goods and services. For example, the effect on the film and music industry due to growing technologies is having a great impact as films and music are pirated online and are accessed very easily and shared. This is causing a great loss for the industry as much as 20% of their annual turnover[11]. This creates challenges as it will affect jobs in addition it will have a detrimental effect on the industry in the UK as it is cheaper to reproduce this work using the internet which does not require cost. An argument made by Andrew Gowers in Gowers Review of Intellectual Property is that the infringement on IP in the digital world need to be more stern as the pe nalties are softer for digital cases then civil cases[12]. This will prevent IP infringement digitally where it is most common also we can give the power to enforce IP infringements to trading standards. Since the creation of the CDPA 1988 there have been numerous technological advancements, the problems this creates for IP are that it is easier now to copy or reproduce work and share it then it has ever been making it easier for the circulation of reproduced or counterfeit goods like songs in the form of MP3 files without the owners permission. In addition, new technologies do not fit into the scope of original work that is stated by the CDPA 1988 this causes confusion as it is not alike standard definitions of work, for example genetics or medicine. Copyright for Liam Aleesha Firstly, originality and fixation must be established in the work for copyright to exist, it can be determined that Liams work is fixed as he records the music and has it uploaded to the bands website to share to his fans, it can also be determined that the work is original as Liam writes his own music and lyrics. Secondly, the work is determined by the Skill, labour and judgement test. In terms of Liam he has put his skills of writing the music and lyrics for the band and has shown that he put is the labour as well as he writes all the bands songs, only a small portion is provided by the other members which includes Aleesha. From this information, it is determined that Liam is the author of the work as he is putting in the most effort, skill, labour and judgement into it. As seen in the case of Walter v Lane (1900) where it was said that the author of a work is one who extends the necessary effort, skill, labour and judgement in the work. Aleesha would not be a joint owner as her contribution is distinguished as a small portion. From this It can easily be decided that Liam is the owner of the music and lyrics. Thirdly it must establish whether there has been a copying of the work. In this case Robbie, has copied Liams work as he has digitally sampled his music without the right of the owner (Liam) it states in the CDPA 1988 that copying of the work includes the reproduction of the work in any material form. It can be said that there is a casual connection as the music is sampled directly from Musik Dynamites work. In addition, the case of Lawson v Dundas further reinforces the argument as it was established that as little as 4 chords or notes are sufficient for copyright. Also from the information gathered it can establish that the owner (Liam) has not given consent to Robbie or Aleesha for them to use or sample his music as it doesnt state otherwise. From this information, a strong argument is made that an infringement of copyright has occurred. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay has thoroughly clarified on what copyright is in terms of the CDPA 1988 and given relevant cases to illustrate points made demonstrating legal knowledge. It has explained legal terminologies and defined them in junction with the CDPA 1988 and has clearly described what copyright infringes. Furthermore, it has discussed the growing impact of internationalism in digital technologies. In summary from the research conducted the law regarding IP needs updating in terms of new technological advancements to keep up with the protection of work as It would affect sectors such as the film and music industry negatively. Finally, the essay has examined the case of Liam v Aleesha and Robbie and has concluded that Aleesha and Robbie have infringed copyright by sampling music by Musik Dynamite without the right of Liam who is the author and owner of the music. Bibliography Books Gowers A, Gowers Review of Intellectual Property, HM Treasury 2006 MacQueen H, Contemporary Intellectual Property: 2nd edition Law and Policy 2010 Patterson, L. R., Copyright in Historic Perspective, Vanderbilt University Press, 1968 Cases Anacon Corp Ltd v Environmental Research Technology [1994] FSR 659 Francis Day Hunter v Bron [1963] Ch. 587 Griggs group v Evans [2003] EWHC 2914 (Ch) Harman pictures v Osborne [1967] 1 WLR 723 Hyperion records v Sawkins [2005] EWCA Civ 565 Lawson v Dundas [1985] The Times 13 Norowzian v Arks Ltd Anor (No. 2) [1999] EWCA Civ 3014 Walter v Lane [1900] AC 539 Legislation The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 [1] Copyright in Historical Perspective, p. 136-137, Patterson, 1968. [2] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.1(1)(a) [3] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.3 (2) [4] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.178 [5] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s. 3 [6] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s. 3(1) [7] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s. 3 [8] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.9 (1) [9] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.10 (1) [10] The Copyright, Designs and Patent act 1988 s.16 [11] Andrew Gowers, Gowers Review of Intellectual Property p.3 [12] Andrew Gowers, Gowers Review of Intellectual Property p.4